This cross-sectional study included 1,260 participants in Saudi Arabia with a history of urolithiasis between 2015 and 2021. Participants were divided into two groups: single-episode stone formers and recurrent stone formers. There was no significant difference in mean age between the groups, with primary stone formers averaging approximately 31 years and recurrent stone formers approximately 35 years. Around 70% of participants had a single episode of stone formation, while 30% experienced recurrent episodes. Primary treatment included surgical interventions, minimally invasive procedures, and conservative management. Around 80% of patients denied history of stone chemical analysis or metabolic work-up.

Treatment options included in the study were percutaneous nephrolithotomy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, other surgical interventions, and conservative management, were compared between the two groups, with no significant differences identified. The study was performed to assess baseline risk factors among recurrent kidney stone formers. No significant differences were observed among participants living in different regions with varying climate conditions.

Identified risk factors for recurrent stone formation included male gender, hypertension, primary hyperparathyroidism, low fluid intake, and high protein intake, reported in 73.9%, 14.6%, 8.4%, 70%, and 66.8% of patients, respectively, with a p-value < 0.005.

Hind Alsaeed is an orthopedic surgery resident at King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia. She is actively engaged in clinical and academic research, with more than 10 ongoing projects spanning various medical fields and specialties. To date, she has published two peer-reviewed articles and continues to contribute to advance knowledge. Hind is passionate about combining clinical practice with research to achieve better understanding, improve patient care, and surgical outcomes.